Haptoglobin and its association with naturally occurring diseases in Holstein heifer calves / [Haptoglobina e sua associação com doenças ocorridas naturalmente em bezerras da raça Holandesa]

The present study evaluated the use of haptoglobin (Hp) as an indicator of health and performance in 166 Holstein heifer calves reared in an intensive production system. Calves were evaluated at D6-9; D10-13; D20-23; D35-38 and D65-68, corresponding to the days of life. The absence or presence of diseases was evaluated by physical examination and classification of scores. The performance parameters evaluated were body weight, height at withers and hind width. Hp was measured by spectrophotometric technique. The highest prevalence of diarrhea (59.4%; 98/165) was observed in D10-13, bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was on D35-38 (25.8%; 42/163), and umbilical inflammations in D6-D9 (7.8%; 13/166). Highest values of Hp were observed in animals with diarrhea (P=0.02), and umbilical inflammation (P=0.057), in comparison with the group of healthy calves. A significant negative correlation was observed between Hp and performance index. This protein presented an important relation with diarrhea and performance of the calves, opening perspectives on its utilization as a biomarker of diseases.(AU)

O presente estudo avaliou o uso da haptoglobina (Hp) como indicadora de sanidade e desempenho em 166 bezerras Holandesas criadas em um sistema de produção intensivo. As bezerras foram avaliadas nos momentos D6-9; D10-13; D20-23; D35-38 e D65-68, sendo estes correspondentes aos dias de vida. A ausência ou a presença de doenças foi avaliada por meio do exame físico e da classificação por escores. Os parâmetros de desempenho avaliados foram peso corporal, altura de cernelha e largura de garupa. A Hp foi mensurada por técnica espectrofotométrica. A maior prevalência de diarreia (59,4%; 98/165) foi observada em D10-13, doença respiratória bovina (DRB) ocorreu em D35-38 (25,8%; 42/163) e inflamações umbilicais em D6-D9 (7,8%; 13/166). O valor de Hp foi maior nos animais que apresentaram diarreia (P=0,02) e inflamações umbilicais (P=0,057), em comparação ao grupo de bezerras saudáveis. Houve correlação negativa significativa entre a Hp e os índices de desempenho. Essa proteína apresentou uma importante relação com a diarreia e com o desempenho das bezerras, abrindo perspectivas sobre a sua utilização como biomarcadora de doenças.(AU)

Transferrina como marcador de maturação pulmonar em cordeiros nascidos a termo ou prematuros / Transferrin as a marker of pulmonary maturation in lambs born at term or premature

O objetivo do estudo foi procurar proteínas de fase aguda que possam indicar sinais de maturação no neonato prematuro, por meio da quantificação sérica delas. Identificou-se a imunoglobulina A, a ceruloplasmina, a haptoglobina, a glicoproteína ácida, a transferrina, a albumina e as imunoglobulinas G de cadeias leve e pesada, pela comparação do perfil dos proteinogramas de cordeiros nascidos a termo com os prematuros submetidos a diferentes protocolos terapêuticos, a fim de estimular a atividade respiratória. Constituíram-se seis grupos: PN (n= 9): nascidos de parto normal; CN (n= 7): nascidos de cesariana em tempo normal de gestação; CP (n= 6): nascidos de cesariana prematura sem nenhum tipo de tratamento; DEX (n= 9): prematuros cujas mães receberam dexametasona pré-parto; SURF (n= 6): prematuros tratados com surfactante; e DEXSURF (n= 6): prematuros tratados com surfactante cujas mães receberam dexametasona pré-parto. As avaliações foram realizadas nos momentos imediatamente após o nascimento (M0), após 24 (M24) e após 48 horas (M48). As amostras foram processadas por meio de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE). A albumina, as imunoglobulinas e a proteína total dos cordeiros tiveram elevação após a ingestão de colostro. Maiores valores séricos de transferrina são referentes a maior período gestacional, podendo essa proteína ser utilizada como marcador de maturação neonatal.(AU)

The aim of this study was to search for acute phase proteins that could indicate signs of maturation in the premature neonate by quantifying them in serum. Immunoglobulin A, ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, acid glycoprotein, tranferrin, albumin, light and heavy chain immunoglobulin G were quantified, comparing the profile of proteinograms from term to preterm lambs submitted to different protocols that stimulate respiratory activity. Six groups were used: PN (n= 9): born from normal birth; CN (n= 7): born from caesarean section at normal time of gestation; CP (n= 6): born from premature cesarean without any type of treatment; DEX (n= 9) preterm whose mothers received prepartum dexamethasone; SURF (n= 6) preterm treated with surfactant; DEXSURF (n= 6): preterm treated with surfactant whose mothers received prepartum dexamethasone. The evaluations were performed immediately after birth (M 0), after 24 and 48 hours (M 24 and M 48). Samples were processed with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Albumin, immunoglobulins, and serum total protein of the lambs were elevated, after colostrum ingestion. Higher serum transferrin values refer to a longer gestational period, and this protein may be used as a marker of neonatal maturation.(AU)

Concentrations of acute-phase proteins and immunoglobulins in serum and synovial fluid in clinically healthy heifers and steers / Concentração de proteínas de fase aguda e de imunoglobulinas no soro e no líquido sinovial de bovinos clinicamente saudáveis

The aim of the study was to determine the concentration pattern of intra-articular acute phase proteins (APPs) and immunoglobulins in healthy crossbred cattle. Synovial fluid (SF) samples were collected from the radiocarpal joint of 25 heifers and 25 steers. Concentrations of APPs were measured by SDS-PAGE. The results were submitted to analysis of variance using the SAS statistical program, and means were compared by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (P<0.05). Thirty-seven proteins with molecular weights ranging from 7 to 37kDa were identified in SF of all animals. Eight were nominally identified with immunoglobulin A (IgA) and G (IgG), ceruloplasmin (Cp), transferrin (Tf), albumin (Ab), α1-antitripsin (AAT), α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), and haptoglobin (Hp). The α1-antitripsin was only identified in the Sf of the heifers. The SF values of Cp, Hp, AGP and IgA were significantly higher in heifers than in steers. In sera, 34 proteins with molecular weights between 7 and 244kDa were identified in heifers and steers. Similar proteins were nominally identified in the sera, however the α1-antitrypsin was identified only in SF. The serum values Tf, AGP and IgG were significantly higher in heifers compared with steers. In conclusion, the physiological acute-phase proteins concentrations in synovial fluid of healthy ruminants can be useful in the interpretation of samples from animals with joint diseases. The SF electrophoretic profile of healthy ruminants differs depending on gender. Similar proteins were nominally identified in the sera, but only the SF of α1-antitrypsin.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar o padrão de concentração de proteínas de fase aguda e de imunoglobulinas intra-articulares (APPs) em bovinos mestiços saudáveis. As amostras de fluido sinovial (SF) foram coletadas da articulação radiocárpica de 25 novilhas e 25 novilhos. As concentrações de APPs foram mensuradas por SDS-PAGE. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância usando o programa estatístico SAS, e os meios foram comparados pelo teste Student-Newman-Keuls (P<0,05). Trinta e sete proteínas com pesos moleculares variando de 7 a 37kDa foram identificadas no SF de todos os animais. Oito foram nominalmente identificadas como imunoglobulina A (IgA) e G (IgG), ceruloplasmina (Cp), transferrina (Tf), albumina (Ab), a1-antitripsina (AAT), glicoproteína a1-ácido (AGP) e haptoglobina (Hp). A α1-antitripsina foi identificada apenas no SF das novilhas. Os valores de Cp, Hp, AGP e IgA no SF foram significativamente maiores em novilhas do que em novilhos. No soro, 34 proteínas com pesos moleculares entre 7 e 244kDa foram identificadas nas novilhas e novilhos. Proteínas similares foram identificadas nos soros, mas apenas o SF das novilhas apresentou a α1-antitripsina. Os valores séricos de Tf, AGP e IgG foram significativamente maiores em novilhas em relação aos novilhos. Conclui-se que a mensuração das concentrações das proteínas da fase aguda no líquido sinovial de animais saudáveis pode ser útil na avaliação de amostras oriundas de bovinos com afecções articulares. O perfil eletroforético do SF de ruminantes saudáveis difere em função do gênero e as diferenças devem ser levadas em consideração na interpretação dos achados.(AU)

El valor de proteínas de fase aguda y la prueba LightCycler® SeptiFast en el diagnóstico de infecciones bacterianas y virales en niños / The value of acute phase reactants and LightCycler® SeptiFast test in the diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections in pediatric patients

Introducción. Evaluamos el nivel de reactantes de fase aguda y la prueba LightCycler® SeptiFast para diferenciar infecciones bacterianas vs.virales. Métodos. Estudio prospectivo en niños febriles. Se analizaron recuento de leucocitos, proteína C-reactiva y procalcitonina en días 1, 3 y 7 de hospitalización. El día 1 se realizaron hemocultivo y radiografía de tórax. Se evaluaron dos grupos de niños que presentaron infecciones bacterianas o virales. Resultados. Se incluyeron 94 niños febriles. La temperatura media de la fiebre fue significativamente más alta en niños con infecciones bacterianas que con infecciones virales (p < 0,001). En 34 (72,3%) niños con infecciones bacterianas, el hemocultivo fue negativo. De ellos, 12 (35,2%) presentaron prueba SeptiFast positiva. No hubo resultados positivos en hemocultivos de niños con infecciones virales y todos tuvieron resultado negativo para la prueba SeptiFast. La media de proteína C-reactiva el primer día de hospitalización fue significativamente más alta en el grupo con infecciones bacterianas (p < 0,001) y en los días 3 y 7 junto con la procalcitonina fueron significativamente más altas en niños con infecciones bacterianas (p <0,001). La sensibilidad y especificidad de los leucocitos, la proteína C-reactiva y la procalcitonina fueron 63,8%, 44,7%, 74,5% y 78,7%, 68,1% y 100%, respectivamente. Las áreas bajo la curva de los leucocitos, la proteína C-reactiva y la procalcitonina fueron 0,519, 0,764 y 0,835, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Los reactantes de fase aguda, en especial procalcitonina, y la prueba LightCycler® SeptiFast podrían ayudar a diferenciar infecciones bacterianas de virales.

Introduction: This study was performed to investigate the value of acute phase reactants and LightCycler® SeptiFast test to differentiate bacterial and viral infections. Population and methods: Children with fever were enrolled to this prospective study. Peripheral white blood cell (WBC), C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) were studied from all patients on day 1, 3 and 7. Blood culture and chest X-ray were also obtained on day 1. Blood samples for LightCycler® SeptiFast test were obtained in all patients to use them if there was uncertain diagnosis between bacterial or viral infection. The patients were divided into two groups as bacterial and viral infection. Results: A total of 94 children with fever were enrolled. The mean value of fever was significantly higher in bacterial group than viral group (p <0.001). In bacterial infection group, 34 (72.3%) patients had negative blood culture. Of those, 12 (35.2%) had positive SeptiFast test. There were no positive blood culture in patients with viral infection group and all of them had negative SeptiFast test. The mean levels of CRP on the first day of admission were significantly higher in bacterial group than viral group (p <0.001). CRP and PCT levels of day 3 and 7 were significantly higher in bacterial group (p <0.001). The sensitivity and specificity levels of WBC, CRP and PCT were 63.8%, 44.7%, 74.5% and 78.7% ,68.1% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions: We found that acute phase reactants, especially PCT, and LightCycler® SeptiFast test may help to differentiate bacterial and viral infections.

Serum concentrations of acute phase proteins in goats and ewes with naturally acquired Staphylococcus aureus mastitis / Concentração de proteínas de fase aguda em cabras e ovelhas com mastite de ocorrência natural causada por Staphylococcus aureus

Serum protein concentrations, including acute phase proteins (APPs), of goats and ewes with naturally acquired Sthaphylococcus aureus mastitis were determined by means of SDS-PAGE electrophoresis to evaluate the relevance of these APPs as biomarkers of the disease in these species. Fifteen healthy goats and 5 goats with naturally acquired staphylococci mastitis, as well as fifteen healthy ewes and 5 ewes with staphylococci mastitis were submitted to daily blood sampling during 7 days. In goats, an increase of 570%, 125%, 621%, and 279% in serum concentrations of ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen, haptoglobin and α1-acid glycoprotein, respectively, was observed. In sheep the increase in serum concentrations of ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen, haptoglobin and α1-acid glycoprotein was of 337%, 90%, 461%, and 225%, respectively. Our results indicate that these APPs have considerable potencial as early and sensible biomarkers of mastitis caused by S. aureus in goats and sheep.(AU)

O proteinograma, incluindo proteínas de fase aguda (PFAs), de cabras e ovelhas com mastite de origem natural causada por Staphylococcus aureus, foi determinado por meio de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE) a fim de avaliar a importância destas PFAs como biomarcadores da enfermidade nestas espécies. Amostras de sangue foram colhidas diariamente de cinco cabras e cinco ovelhas com mastite estafilocócica naturalmente adquirida, bem como de quinze cabras e quinzes ovelhas saudáveis durante 6 dias consecutivos. Nas fêmeas caprinas, foi verificado aumento dos teores séricos de ceruloplasmina (570%), fibrinogênio (125%), haptoglobina (621%), e α1-glicoproteína ácida (279%). Nas fêmeas ovinas as concentrações de ceruloplasmina, fibrinogênio, haptoglobina e α1-glicoproteína ácida elevaram-se em 337%, 90,9%, 461% e 225%, respectivamente. Os resultados permitem inferir que estas PFAs são marcadores sensíveis e precoces de mastite causada por S. aureus em cabras e ovelhas.(AU)

Serum levels of proteins and acute-phase proteins in captive emus (Dromaius novaehllandieae) of different ages / Teores séricos de proteínas, inclusive proteínas de fase aguda, em emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) de diferentes faixas etárias e criados em cativeiro

Protein electrophoresis is a relatively simple technique that allows separating serum protein fractions, and provides important information in the investigation and diagnosis of several diseases. This study determined the levels of acute-phase proteins in the serum of healthy, captive emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Animals were divided into two groups (n=11 in each) based on age, with 1-year-old and 4-year-old emus. Acute-phase proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE. Ceruloplasmin, transferrin, albumin, haptoglobin, acidic glycoprotein, IgA, and IgG were detected in the serum of all animals. Protein profiles varied significantly with age (P<0.05). Individuals in the 4-year-old emus group had higher values of ceruloplasmin, transferrin, albumin, haptoglobin, and acidic glycoprotein, compared with the group with 1-year-old animals, showing the role of age in the protein profile of this species. Reference values for acute-phase proteins in healthy emus may be useful in the evaluation of health status and in the diagnosis of diseases affecting the species.(AU)

A eletroforese de proteínas é um método relativamente simples, que permite a separação das proteínas do plasma em frações. Sua interpretação fornece informações importantes para a investigação e o diagnóstico de inúmeras doenças. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de determinar a concentração das proteínas de fase aguda no soro de emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) hígidos e criados em cativeiro. As aves foram separadas em dois grupos: grupo 1: (n=11), aves com um ano de idade; grupo 2: (n=11), aves com quatro anos de idade. As proteínas de fase aguda foram separadas por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE). Identificaram-se as proteínas ceruloplasmina, transferrina, albumina, IgG, haptoglobina, glicoproteína ácida, IgA e IgG no soro de todos os emus. Houve diferença (P<0.05) entre os traçados eletroforéticos em função da faixa etária. As aves do grupo 2 apresentaram valores superiores de ceruloplasmina, transferrina, albumina, haptoglobina e glicoproteína ácida quando comparadas às aves do grupo 1. Conclui-se que o perfil eletroforético de emus sofre alterações conforme a idade analisada. O estabelecimento de valores de referência para as proteínas de fase aguda de emus hígidos poderá auxiliar estudos futuros na avaliação da saúde assim como no diagnóstico de doenças em emus.(AU)

Proteinograma sérico de éguas com placentite ascendente e seus respectivos neonatos: dados preliminares / Serum protein concentrationin mares with ascending placentitis and their newborns: preliminary data

Este estudo teve por objetivo estabelecer o proteinograma sérico em éguas com placentite induzida e em seus respectivos neonatos. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue das éguas em oito momentos diferentes e dos potros em quatro momentos. Para obtenção da concentração das frações proteicas, utilizou-se eletroforese em gel de acrilaminada contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE). No método utilizado, foram observadas 23 bandas proteicas, cujos pesos moleculares variaram de 16KDa a 245KDa, sendo possível a identificação das seguintes frações: 175KDa, 102KDa, 83KDa, 63KDa, 50KDa, 41KDa, 39KDa e 28KDa. De todas as bandas proteicas encontradas, somente as de 39KDa e 41KDa apresentaram alteração na cinética nos momentos avaliados. De acordo com a solução marcadora, pode-se sugerir que essas proteínas seriam alfa1-glicoproteína ácida (39KDa) e haptoglobina (41KDa). A concentração de imunoglobulinas nos potros apresentou aumento significativo a partir das 12 horas de nascimento. Não está elucidado se estes níveis refletem a persistência do processo inflamatório placentário ou se são alterações fisiológicas do periparto. Não foram observadas alterações na cinética das proteínas nos potros nas primeiras 48 horas.(AU)

The aim of this paper was to identify the serum acute phase protein concentration in mares with induced placentitis and their neonates. Blood samples were collected from the mares in 8 different moments, and from the foals, in 4 moments. To obtain the concentration of protein fractions acrilaminada gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE) was used. In the used method 23 protein bands whose molecular weights ranged from 16kDa to 245kDa were observed, it is possible to identify the following fractions: 175kDa, 102kDa, 83kDa, 63kDa, 50kDa, 41kDa, 39kDa and 28kDa. Of all the protein bands found only the 39KDa and 41KDa have changes in the kinetics in the evaluated times. According to the marker solution, we would suggest that these proteins are alfa1-acid glycoprotein (39kDa) and haptoglobin (41kDa). The concentration of immunoglobulins in foals increased significantly from 12 hours of birth.(AU)

Normal mesenteric lymph ameliorates lipopolysaccharide challenge-induced spleen injury

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of normal mesenteric lymph (NML) from mice on the spleen injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge.METHODS: Mice in the LPS and LPS+NML groups received an intraperitoneal injection of LPS (35 mg/kg) and kept for 6 h.. The mice in the LPS+NML group received NML treatment at 1 h after LPS injection. Afterward, the splenic morphology, the levels of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14), phosphorylation mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and inflammatory mediators in splenic tissue were investigated.RESULTS:LPS injection induced spleen injury, increased the levels of LBP, CD14, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon γ (IFN-γ), and decreased the IL-4 content in the spleen. By contrast, NML treatment reversed these changes. Meanwhile, the LPS challenge decreased the phosphorylation levels of p38 MAPK, extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Moreover, the phosphorylation levels of p38 MAPK and JNK were further decreased by the NML administration.CONCLUSION:rRdThe normal mesenteric lymph treatment alleviated lipopolysaccharide induced spleen injury by attenuating LPS sensitization and production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ.

Effect of allopurinol on the kidney function, histology and injury biomarker (NGAL, IL 18) levels in uninephrectomised rats subjected to ischaemia-reperfusion injury

PURPOSE: To investigate whether allopurinol exerts a protective effect on kidneys by measuring new kidney injury biomarkers (NGALp, NGALu, KIM 1 and IL 18) and analysing the renal function and histology in uninephrectomised rats subjected to ischaemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS: Thirty two Wistar rats were randomly allocated to four groups: Sham (S): laparotomy; Control (C): laparotomy and ischaemia-reperfusion in the left kidney; Control Allopurinol (CA): laparotomy and allopurinol at a dose of 100mg·kg 1·d 1; and Allopurinol (A): laparotomy ischaemia-reperfusion in the left kidney and allopurinol at a dose of 100mg·kg 1·d 1. The NGALp, NGALu, KIM 1, IL 18 and creatinine levels and the kidney histology were analysed. The significance level was established as p<0.05. RESULTS: Creatinine level increased in all the groups, with A ≈ C > S ≈ CA. The NGALp, NGALu and IL 18 levels exhibited similar behaviour in all the groups. KIM 1 was higher in group A than C and showed intermediate values in groups S and CA. Severity of injury in the left kidney was greater in groups C and A compared to S and CA. CONCLUSION: Allopurinol did not exert protective or damaging effects on the kidneys of rats subjected to ischaemia-reperfusion injury. .

Mesenteric lymph reperfusion after superior mesenteric artery occlusion shock exacerbates endotoxin translocation in brain

PURPOSE: To determine the role of mesenteric lymph reperfusion (MLR) on endotoxin translocation in brain to discuss the mechanism of brain injury subjected to superior mesenteric artery occlusion (SMAO) shock. METHODS: Twenty-four rats were randomly assigned to MLR, SMAO, MLR+SMAO and sham groups. MLR was performed by clamping the mesenteric lymph duct (MLD) for 1 h and then allowing reperfusion for 2 h in the MLR group; SMAO involved clamping the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) for 1 h, followed by reperfusion for 2 h in the SMAO group; occlusion of both the SMA and MLD for 1 h was followed by reperfusion for 2 h in the MLR+SMAO group rats. RESULTS: SMAO shock induced severe increased levels of the endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide receptor, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Concurrently, MLR after SMAO shock further aggravates these deleterious effects. CONCLUSION: Mesenteric lymph reperfusion exacerbated the endotoxin translocation in brain; thereby increased inflammatory response occurred, suggesting that the intestinal lymph pathway plays an important role in the brain injury after superior mesenteric artery occlusion shock. .

Mesenteric lymph reperfusion exacerbates spleen injury caused by superior mesenteric artery occlusion shock

The intestinal lymph pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of organ injury following superior mesenteric artery occlusion (SMAO) shock. We hypothesized that mesenteric lymph reperfusion (MLR) is a major cause of spleen injury after SMAO shock. To test this hypothesis, SMAO shock was induced in Wistar rats by clamping the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) for 1 h, followed by reperfusion for 2 h. Similarly, MLR was performed by clamping the mesenteric lymph duct (MLD) for 1 h, followed by reperfusion for 2 h. In the MLR+SMAO group rats, both the SMA and MLD were clamped and then released for reperfusion for 2 h. SMAO shock alone elicited: 1) splenic structure injury, 2) increased levels of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide (NO), intercellular adhesion molecule-1, endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide receptor (CD14), lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, and tumor necrosis factor-α, 3) enhanced activities of NO synthase and myeloperoxidase, and 4) decreased activities of superoxide dismutase and ATPase. MLR following SMAO shock further aggravated these deleterious effects. We conclude that MLR exacerbates spleen injury caused by SMAO shock, which itself is associated with oxidative stress, excessive release of NO, recruitment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, endotoxin translocation, and enhanced inflammatory responses.

Hemograma e proteínas de fase aguda de bezerros sadios do nascimento aos 30 dias de idade / Hemogram and acute phase proteins of healthy calves from birth to one month old

O conhecimento da dinâmica das alterações nos parâmetros hematológicos e na cinética das proteínas de fase aguda em animais saudáveis nas primeiras semanas de vida é essencial para a interpretação correta dessas avaliações em situações de morbidez e para diferenciar animais sadios e enfermos de forma confiável. Com o intuito de avaliar a cinética desses parâmetros no primeiro mês de vida de bezerros de corte sadios, filhos de vacas primíparas ou pluríparas, amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes da ingestão de colostro e 1, 2, 7, 15 e 30 dias após o nascimento. Os parâmetros eritrocitários foram influenciados pelo número de partos das vacas e o leucograma mostrou alterações características de influência do cortisol fetal liberado por ocasião do nascimento. O teor sérico de proteína total aumentou significativamente após a ingestão do colostro. As concentrações de ceruloplasmina, haptoglobina e proteínas de pesos moleculares 33 kDa e 23 kDa aumentaram significativamente no primeiro dia de vida, seja pela resposta ao nascimento ou pela ingestão do colostro, enquanto os teores de transferrina, albumina e α1-glicoproteína ácida mantiveram-se relativamente estáveis nos primeiros dias de vida, aumentando gradualmente até os 30 dias de idade.

The knowledge of the dynamic in changes of hematologic parameters and the acute phase proteins kinetics in healthy animals in the first weeks of life is essential for the accurate interpretation of these evaluations in morbidity situations, and to reliably differentiate healthy from sick animals. The aim of the study was to evaluate the dynamic of these parameters in the first month of life of healthy beef calves, born from primiparous or multiparous cows, and so blood samples were collected before colostrum intake and 1, 2, 7, 15 and 30 days thereafter to evaluate hemogram and serum proteinogram. The red cell parameters were influenced by the parturition number of cows, and the leukogram showed characteristic changes of the release of fetal cortisol at birth. The total protein level significantly increased after colostrum intake. The concentrations of acute phase proteins ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin and proteins of molecular weight 33 kDa and 23 kDa significantly increased in the first day of life, influenced either by response to birth or colostrum intake, while the levels of transferrin, albumin and α1-acid glycoprotein were relatively stable in the first days, increasing gradually until 30 days of life.

Relationship between genetic mutation variations and acute-phase reactants in the attack-free period of children diagnosed with familial Mediterranean fever

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is a periodic autoinflammatory disease characterized by chronic inflammation. This study investigated the relationship between acute-phase reactants and gene mutations in attack-free periods of childhood FMF. Patients diagnosed with FMF were divided into four groups based on genetic features: no mutation, homozygous, heterozygous, and compound heterozygous. These groups were monitored for 2 years, and blood samples were collected every 6 months during attack-free periods. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and white blood cell count were measured. A disease severity score was determined for each patient. Mean values for erythrocyte sedimentation rate and fibrinogen were significantly different in the homozygous group. White blood cell count and C-reactive protein were similar between the groups. Disease severity score was higher in patients with the M694V mutation than in individuals without the mutation, as well as in those with other mutation groups. Periodic follow-up of patients with FMF MEFV mutations in subjects with acute-phase reactants may be useful in the prevention of morbidity.

Experimental Ehrlichia canis infection changes acute-phase proteins / A infecção experimental por Ehrlichia canis altera as proteínas de fase aguda

Early diagnosis of canine ehrlichiosis favors prompt institution of treatment and improves the prognosis for the animal, since this disease causes mortality among dogs. Studies have shown that determining the concentration of acute-phase proteins (APPs) may contribute towards early detection of disease and aid in predicting the prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate the APP profile in dogs experimentally infected with Ehrlichia canis, at the start of the infection and after treatment. It also investigated whether any correlation between APP levels and the clinical and laboratory alterations over the course of the disease would be possible. The results obtained showed abnormal levels of all the APPs on the third day after infection (D3), with the highest levels being reached on D18, with the exception of ceruloplasmin and acid glycoprotein, which presented their peaks on D6 and D12 respectively. We concluded that assessment of APP levels could contribute towards establishing an early diagnosis of canine ehrlichiosis, particularly regarding acid glycoprotein and ceruloplasmin, since these proteins were detected at increased levels even before the onset of clinical and laboratory findings of the disease.

O diagnóstico precoce da erliquiose canina favorece a pronta instituição do tratamento e melhora o prognóstico do animal, pois se trata de uma doença de alta mortalidade em cães. Estudos têm apontado que a determinação da concentração de proteínas de fase aguda (PFA) pode contribuir para detecção precoce de doenças e auxiliar na predição do prognóstico. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o perfil de proteínas de fase aguda (PFA) em cães experimentalmente infectados com Ehrlichia canis, no início da infecção e após o tratamento. Além disso, se seria possível associá-las com as alterações clínico-laboratoriais durante o curso da doença. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que todas as PFA estudadas alteraram suas concentrações em D3 (dia 3), comparadas ao D0, atingindo concentrações máximas em D18, com exceção da ceruloplasmina e da glicoproteína ácida, cujos picos foram observados em D6 e D12, respectivamente. Concluímos que a avaliação das concentrações de PFA poderiam contribuir para o diagnóstico precoce da erliquiose canina, principalmente com relação à ceruloplasmina e glicoproteína ácida, pois seus aumentos foram anteriores ao aparecimento dos sinais clínicos e das alterações laboratoriais da doença.

Acute phase proteins: a potential approach for diagnosing chronic infection by Trypanosoma vivax / Proteínas de fase aguda: uma possível abordagem para diagnóstico de infecção crônica por Trypanosoma vivax

The present study aimed to assess potential changes in acute phase proteins in sheep experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax. There were studied eight male sheep, four used as controls and four infected with 10(5) T. vivax trypomastigotes. Blood samples were collected at two points times before infection and then at 5,7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 days post-infection (dpi). Blood samples were centrifuged and allotted, and acute phase proteins were then separated by electrophoresis on acrylamide gel containing sodium dodecyl sulfate. Protein concentrations were determined by computer-assisted densitometry. Total protein was determined by colorimetric biuret method. Trypanosomes were counted daily using a 5 mL aliquot of blood smear on a glass slide under a 22 × 22 mm coverslip. Parasites were counted in 100 microscopic fields (40× magnification), and then multiplied by a correction factor. The results were expressed as parasites per mL of blood. For statistical analyses, we used the Wilcoxon test at 5% significance level. There was found a reduction in several acute phase proteins and increase in antitrypsin and transferrin. This finding can be used for the diagnosis of T. vivax infection, especially in chronic infection.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar possíveis alterações nas proteínas de fase aguda em ovinos infectados experimentalmente com Trypanosoma vivax. Para tanto, foram utilizados oito ovinos machos, sendo quatro usados como controle e quatro infectados com 10(5) tripomastigotas de T. vivax. Colheram-se amostras de sangue em dois tempos antes da infecção e, posteriormente, aos 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 e 120 dias após a infecção (dpi); após centrifugação e aliquotização das amostras. As proteínas de fase aguda foram separadas por eletroforese em gel de acrilamida, contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio, e suas concentrações foram determinadas através de densitometria computadorizada. A dosagem de proteína total foi realizada pelo método colorimétrico do biureto. A contagem dos tripanossomas foi realizada diariamente, utilizando-se uma alíquota de 5 µL de sangue disperso em lâmina de microscopia, sob lamínula de 22 × 22 mm, contando-se os parasitos em 100 campos microscópicos, com objetiva de 40×, multiplicados pelo fator de correção do microscópio, e o resultado expresso em parasitos por mL de sangue. Para a análise estatística, empregou-se o teste de Wilcoxon a 5% de probabilidade. Foi observada a diminuição de diversas proteínas de fase aguda e aumento de antitripsina e transferrina que podem ser utilizadas para auxiliar no diagnóstico da infecção por T. vivax, principalmente na fase crônica da infecção.

Changing Patterns of Acute Phase Proteins and Inflammatory Mediators in Experimental Caprine Coccidiosis

This experiment was conducted to assess the changing patterns and relative values of acute phase proteins and inflammatory cytokines in experimental caprine coccidiosis. Eighteen newborn kids were allocated to 3 equal groups. Two groups, A and B, were inoculated with a single dose of 1x10(3) and 1x10(5) sporulated oocysts of Eimeria arloingi, respectively. The third group, C, received distilled water as the control. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of each kid in both groups before inoculation and at days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 post-inoculation (PI), and the levels of haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA), TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma were measured. For histopathological examinations, 2 kids were selected from each group, euthanized, and necropsied on day 42 PI. Mean Hp concentrations in groups A and B (0.34 and 0.68 g/L) at day 7 PI were 3.2 and 6.3 times higher than the levels before inoculation. The mean SAA concentrations in groups A and B (25.6 and 83.5 microg/ml) at day 7 PI were 4.2 and 13.7 times higher than the levels before inoculation. The magnitude and duration of the Hp and SAA responses correlated well with the inoculation doses and the severity of the clinical signs and diarrhea in kids. These results were consistent with the histopathological features, which showed advanced widespread lesions in group B. In both groups, significant correlations were observed for TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma with SAA and Hp, respectively. In conclusion, Hp and SAA can be useful non-specific diagnostic indicators in caprine coccidiosis.

Interrelationship between serum and sputum inflammatory mediators in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Little is known about airway inflammatory markers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The objective of the present study was to identify and try to correlate pulmonary and peripheral blood inflammatory markers in COPD. In a cross-sectional study on patients with stable COPD, induced sputum and blood samples were collected for the determination of C-reactive protein, eosinophilic cationic protein, serum amyloid A protein, a-1 antitrypsin (a-1AT), and neutrophil elastase. Twenty-two patients were divided into two groups according to post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in the first second ( percentFEV1): group 1 (N = 12, FEV1 <40 percent) and group 2 (N = 10, FEV1 ³40 percent). An increase in serum elastase, eosinophilic cationic protein and a-1AT was observed in serum markers in both groups. Cytology revealed the same total number of cells in groups 1 and 2. There was a significantly higher number of neutrophils in group 1 compared to group 2 (P < 0.05). No difference in eosinophils or macrophages was observed between groups. Serum elastase was positively correlated with serum a-1AT (group 1, r = 0.81, P < 0.002 and group 2, r = 0.83, P < 0.17) and negatively correlated with FEV1 (r = -0.85, P < 0.03 and -0.14, P < 0.85, respectively). The results indicate the presence of chronic and persistent pulmonary inflammation in stable patients with COPD. Induced sputum permitted the demonstration of the existence of a subpopulation of cells in which neutrophils predominated. The serum concentration of all inflammatory markers did not correlate with the pulmonary functional impairment.

Efficacy of National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance score, acute-phase proteins, and interleukin-6 for predicting postoperative infections following major gastrointestinal surgery

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Postoperative infections should be detected earlier. We investigated the efficacy of the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) score, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and various acute-phase proteins for predicting postoperative infections. DESIGN AND SETTING: Case series study at the Júlio Müller University Hospital. METHODS: Thirty-two patients who underwent major gastrointestinal procedures between June 2004 and February 2005 were studied. The NNIS score and the evolution of serum IL-6 and various acute-phase proteins (C-reactive protein [CRP], albumin, prealbumin and transferrin) were correlated with postoperative infections and length of hospital stay (LOS). RESULTS: NNIS > 1 (p = 0.01) and low preoperative albumin (p = 0.02) significantly correlated with infection. IL-6 and CRP increased significantly more in patients with infections. Multivariate analysis showed greater risk of infection when NNIS > 1 (odds ratio, OR = 10.66; 95 percent confidence interval, CI: 1.1-102.0; p = 0.04); preoperative albumin < 3 g/dl (OR = 8.77; 95 percent CI: 1.13-67.86; p = 0.03); CRP > 30 mg/l on the second postoperative day (OR = 8.27; 95 percent CI: 1.05-64.79; p = 0.03) and > 12 mg/l on the fifth postoperative day (OR = 25.92; 95 percent CI: 2.17-332.71; p < 0.01); and IL-6 > 25 pg/ml on the fifth postoperative day (OR = 15.46; 95 percent CI: 1.19-230.30; p = 0.03). Longer LOS was associated with cancer, transferrin, IL-6 and albumin (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: NNIS, albumin, CRP and IL-6 may be useful as predictive markers for postoperative infections. For predicting LOS, malignant condition, transferrin, albumin and IL-6 are useful.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Melhores resultados são esperados quando infecção pós-operatória é diagnosticada precocemente. Este estudo investigou a eficácia do escore NNIS (National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance score), interleucina-6 (IL-6) e proteínas de fase aguda na predição de infecções pós-operatórias. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo tipo serie de casos na enfermaria de cirurgia geral do Hospital Universitário Julio Muller. MÉTODOS: 32 pacientes submetidos a operações gastrointestinais de grande porte entre junho de 2004 e fevereiro de 2005 foram estudados. Correlacionou-se o escore NNIS, a evolução da IL-6 e varias proteínas de fase aguda (proteína C reativa [CRP], albumina, pré-albumina e transferrina) com a ocorrência de infecção e tempo de permanência hospitalar (LOS). RESULTADOS: O escore NNIS > 1 (p = 0.01) e a hipoalbuminemia pré-operatória (p = 00.02) significantemente correlacionaram com infecção. Ocorreu uma elevação maior de IL-6 e CRP nos pacientes com infecção. Análise multivariada mostrou maior risco de infecção em paciente com NNIS > 1 (razão de chances, RC = 10,6 [IC 95 por cento, 1,1-102,2]; p = 0.04), albumina pré-operatória < 3 g/dl (RC = 8,77 [IC 95 por cento, 1,13-67,86]; p = 0,03); CRP > 30 mg/l no 2° (RC = 8,27 [IC 95 por cento, 1,05-64,79]; p = 0,03) e > 12 mg/l no 5° pós-operatória (RC = 25,92 [IC 95 por cento, 2,17-332,71]; p < 0,01), e com IL-6 > 25 pg/ml no 5° PO (RC = 15,46 [IC 95 por cento, 1,19-230,30]; p = 0,03). LOS associou-se com câncer transferrina, IL-6 e albumina (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: NNIS, albumina, CRP e IL-6 podem ser úteis como preditores de infecção pós-operatória. Na predição do LOS, a condição de doença maligna e a evolução de albumina, transferrina e IL-6 são úteis.

Effects of budesonide and probiotics enemas on the systemic inflammatory response of rats with experimental colitis

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of enemas containing probiotics and budesonide on the systemic inflammatory response in experimental colitis. METHODS: Fifty male Wistar rats with experimental colitis induced by 10 percent acetic acid enema were randomized to five groups (10 rats each) according to the treatment: group 1 - saline solution, group 2 - budesonide (0.75 mg/kg/day), group 3 - probiotics (1mg/day), group 4 - probiotics plus budesonide, and group 5 - control, with not-treated rats. The following variables were studied: body weight, serum levels of albumin, C-reactive protein and interleucine-6 (IL-6). RESULTS: All animals lost weight between the beginning and the end of the experiment (280+ 16 mg versus 249+21 mg, p< 0.001). There was a significant decrease in the serum albumin between the normal pre-induction level (3.45 + 0.49mg/dL) and the 1st day after colitis induction (1.61+051mg/dL, p< 0.001) in all treated groups when compared to the control group. C- reactive protein increased after induction and diminished on the 7th day in all groups. In the control group there was an increase in the IL-6 after colitis induction. None of the treated groups significantly differed from IL-6 pre-colitis status (p>0.05). Only probiotic rats presented a significant decrease of IL-6 than controls (0,30±0,08 mg/dL vs. 0,19±0,03 mg/dL; p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Probiotic associated with budesonida Probiotics are effective to diminished inflammatory status mediated by IL-6 in experimental colitis.

OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito da administração retal de probióticos e budesonida na resposta inflamatória de ratos com colite experimental. MÉTODOS: Cinqüenta ratos Wistar com colite experimental induzida pelo acido acético à 10 por cento foram randomizados em 5 grupos (n=10 por grupo) para diferentes tratamentos: grupo 1 - solução fisiológica; grupo 2 budesonida (0,75mg/kg/dia); grupo 3 - probióticos (1 g/dia); grupo 4 - probióticos associados a budesonida; e finalmente grupo 5 - controle, composto por ratos sem tratamento. As seguintes variáveis foram estudadas: peso corporal, dosagens séricas de albumina, proteína C reativa (PCR) e interleucina-6 (IL-6). RESULTADOS: Todos os animais perderam peso entre o inicio e o fim do experimento (280±16 vs 249±21g; p<0.001). Ocorreu uma queda significativa da albumina sérica entre o normal (3,45±0,49g/dL) e o 1° dia de colite (grupo 5 = 1,61±0,51 g/dL; p <0.001) em todos grupos com tratamento em relação ao grupo controle. A PCR aumentou após a indução da colite, diminuindo no sétimo dia de colite em todos os grupos. No grupo controle houve um aumento da IL-6 após a indução da colite. Nenhum dos grupos de tratamento diferiu significantemente dos valores de IL-6 antes da indução a colite (p>0.05). As comparações entre o grupo controle (0,30±0,08 mg/dL) e outros mostraram que houve uma queda significante nos níveis de IL-6 apenas no grupo probiótico (0,19±0,03 mg/dL; p<0.01). CONCLUSÃO: Probióticos são efetivos na diminuição do estado inflamatório mediado pela IL-6 na colite experimental.

Cinética de reactantes de fase aguda en cirugía pediátrica / Acute phase reactants in pediatric surgery

La respuesta de fase aguda es inespecífica y su comportamiento está poco caracterizado en niños sometidos a cirugía programada no complicada. Objetivos: Caracterizar el comportamiento de reactantes de fase aguda en niños enfrentados a una intervención quirúrgica programada y compararla según grado de estrés quirúrgico y edad. Pacientes y Métodos: Se estudiaron prospectivamente lactantes, preescolares y escolares ingresados para cirugía programada. Se evaluó proteína C-reactiva (PCR), albúmina, prealbúmina y glicemia en preoperatorio y en el período postoperatorio entre las 6 a 12 horas, 48 horas y cuarto día. Se agruparon los niños según grado de estrés quirúrgico mediante un score validado. Resultados: Ingresaron 40 pacientes, 20 varones, edad 4,4 años (rango 3 meses a 16 años). Según grado de estrés quirúrgico, 25 pertenecían al grupo leve y 15 al grupo moderado. La cinética de los parámetros metabólicos según grupo de estrés, evaluado mediante ANOVA de medidas repetidas, no mostró diferencias significativas. Al analizar los parámetros en los distintos momentos estudiados (t de student), la PCR fue significativamente mayor y la prealbúmina y albúmina significativamente menor en el grupo de mayor estrés. Las variaciones de glicemia, no mostraron diferencias significativas en el grupo total, en ninguno de los tiempos analizados. No hubo diferencias en el comportamiento en el tiempo de los parámetros evaluados según edad. Conclusiones: La respuesta inflamatoria en niños sometidos a cirugía programada no complicada, no difiere significativamente según edad ni grado de estrés quirúrgico leve o moderado. Puede objetivarse clínicamente a través de la medición seriada de parámetros como PCR, albúmina y prealbúmina. La cinética de la glicemia es de menor utilidad en este tipo de pacientes.